Such plant–plant communication has been reported in more than 30 plant species so far (Heil & Karban, 2010). For example, Arabidopsis thaliana induces defense gene expression and increases resistance to insect herbivores when they are exposed to plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the neighboring plants (Bate & Rothstein, 1998 Kishimoto et al., 2005). Plants may sense the presence of herbivores in the community prior to the actual damage using volatile communication, and thereby prime themselves for future attack. This induced resistance, in contrast to constitutive production of defense, is thought to be a cost-saving mechanism under infrequent and unpredictable herbivory (Karban & Baldwin, 1997). Upon detection of herbivory, plants may induce resistance to herbivores to minimize further damage. They also sense and respond to changes in neighboring biotic environment, such as the presence of herbivores and competitors. Plants are known to respond to abiotic environment, such as water stress (Chaves, 2002 Hsiao, 1973 Jaleel et al., 2009), light environment (Demmig-Adams & Adams, 1992), or temperature change (Buntgen et al., 2015 Levitt, 1980). These results are important clues elucidating adaptive significance of plant–plant communication.īecause plants are sessile, they must adjust to new growing conditions by detecting and responding to changes in surrounding environment. Synthesis: Our results support the hypothesis: Goldenrods respond to volatiles from genetically close plants because they would have similar arthropod species.Moreover, the arthropod community on each genotype of goldenrods were different. The volatiles from each genotype of goldenrods were different and they were categorized accordingly. The response to volatiles was stronger from genetically close plants to the emitter than from genetically distant plants from the emitter. The arthropod community on tall goldenrods were different among four genotypes.To clarify the hypothesis, we conducted experiments and investigations using goldenrod of four different genotypes. Why do plants distinguish volatiles from kin or genetically far plants? We hypothesize that plants respond only to important conditions the induced defense is not free of cost for the plant.Plant–plant communication has been reported to be stronger between kin plants than genetically far plants in sagebrush. The phenomenon is called plant–plant communication, plant talk, or plant eavesdropping. The volatiles from damaged plants induce defense in neighboring plants.
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